English literature is the study of literature written in the English language. The writers do not necessarily have to be from England but can be from all over the world. It includes some of history's most famous writers: James Joyce (Ireland), William Shakespeare (England), Mark Twain (United States), Arthur Conan Doyle (Scotland), Dylan Thomas (Wales) and Vladimir Nabokov (Russia) to name just a few.
English literature dates back more than five centuries. It represents writers not only from different parts of the world and time periods, but it covers every major genre and style of writing as well.
Why Is Studying English Literature Important?
Okay, so there are about a thousand things for a teenager, or even a 50-year-old adult, to do in today's wired, 500-channel cable television world. We can watch feature films on our phones or hop in a car and drive a hundred miles away in just a couple of hours. That's not how things used to be. People used to read literature for entertainment because even just 50 years ago, there were simply not many readily available entertainment options.
Despite these other entertainment options, English literature remains popular. It is time-tested and well-worn for a reason. English literature deals with universal themes and values that help us grow in our everyday lives. It also teaches us about different time periods and faraway places.
History of English Literature
It's difficult to discuss such a broad range of work in just a short lesson, so let's take a look at the first three major periods of English literature.
Middle English Literature (1150-1485)
Some scholars would argue that the Middle English period started as early as the 1100s. However, because the English language did not evolve into a dialect we could understand today until about the 12th Century, 1150 seems like a better place to start.
By far the most popular and influential writer during this period was Geoffrey Chaucer. He was considered the first great English poet. His works encompassed a variety of tones, styles and genres. One of his most renowned works The Canterbury Tales is an epic story of pilgrims playfully pitted against each other in a story-telling contest. Each pilgrim's tale takes on a narrative of its own. The poem is structured in a frame narrative, or 'story within a story,' a literary device that would go on to become one of the most popular story-telling techniques in the history of literature.
 |
In the middle part of 12th Century, there was a revival in alliterative poetry. Perhaps the most popular example was Pearl, Purity and Patience, a grouping of poems written by an unknown poet. A fourth work found in the same manuscript and presumed to be of the same author, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, is one of the finest Arthurian romances from this time period. Towards the end of the 14th century, a philosopher named John Wycliffe translated the first complete vernacular (common people's dialect) English version of the Bible.
Other popular poets from this period include:
- William Langland
- Sir Thomas Malory
- John Gower
16th Century Renaissance (1485-1603)
First off, the word renaissance means revival or rebirth. The Renaissance period marks the true start of a major artistic movement throughout Europe. We can attribute this rebirth in part to the invention of the printing press, which took the written word to a new mass-produced territory. The written word became king of the English-speaking world during this era.
Without a doubt the most famous writer from this time period, if not the most famous writer ever, was William Shakespeare. Shakespeare was both a poet and a playwright who penned over 30 plays and 150 sonnets, many of which we have read in books, seen on stage and watched in movie theaters. Of course these include classics including Romeo and Juliet, King Lear and Hamlet. If you're wondering what defines a great artist, just think about the test of time: Shakespeare died in 1616 and we're still adapting his stage plays and reading his words almost 400 years later.